As extreme weather events become more often and intensify, the number of people and places exposed to flooding events is likely to grow.
But until now, surprisingly little was known about how floodplain development patterns vary across communities.
A new study from researchers at the University of North Carolina shows that new housing construction in flood-prone areas has contributed to increasing risk across NC despite community and government efforts to reduce flood damage. The study, published Feb 7, 2023 in the journal of the American Planning Association, shows that more than ten new residences have been built in the state’s 100-year floodplains for every residence removed through government buyouts (programs that purchase flood-prone property and restore it to open space).
“We’ve been putting more and more people in harm’s way, and we see that pattern across the state – in coastal and inland communities, in urban and rural areas,” said Miyuki Hino, an assistant professor in the Department of City and Regional Planning and a Faculty Fellow at the Carolina Population Center. “Communities across the state are working to reduce their flood risk through buyouts, elevating homes, and upgrading infrastructure, but it’s harder to see those benefits when we’re adding more houses and people to floodplains at the same time.”
Hino and a team of researchers analyzed new construction across five million parcels in the State of North Carolina (USA) to develop standardized measures of floodplain development and evaluate the relationships between flood risk management effort and development outcomes.
“We find that community effort towards flood risk management doesn’t always correspond to limiting floodplain development,” said co-author Antonia Sebastian, Assistant Professor in the Department of Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences (EMES). “Rather, communities rewarded by FEMA for high effort were continuing to allow more housing to be developed in the floodplain.”
Local governments play a critical role in flood risk management. Knowing where communities are building in floodplains — and what measures can encourage growth in less hazardous areas – is important for reducing damages and risks.
“Strategic planning and zoning can encourage growth in safer areas and maximize open space in floodplains,” said Hino. “As we see heavier downpours and wetter hurricanes, managing development is critical to reducing flood damages in the long term.”
Another member of the team, Todd BenDor, the Distinguished Professor of Sustainable Community Design in the Department of City and Regional Planning and the UNC Institute for the Environment, noted that “we have long assumed that communities across the state have continued building in floodplains, at least to some extent. But, the sheer scale of this construction is really surprising, especially in that it dwarfs the large-scale efforts to move homes out floodplains and out of harm’s way. The enormous public costs of buyouts are also shared by local governments – in many cases, the same local governments encouraging new building in floodplains. Today’s new floodplain construction may be tomorrow’s buyouts.”
