In 2020, amidst a worldwide pandemic, 580,000 people were experiencing homelessness in the United States, marking the fourth consecutive year that homelessness has increased nationwide, according to data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
Twenty-eight percent of this population lives in California. Perhaps due to the warmer climate, 70% of people experiencing homelessness in the Golden State live outdoors—on the street, in parks, or other places not intended for human habitation—nearly nine times the number of unsheltered people in any other state.
In a study published online on December 22, 2021, in the American Journal of Public Health, University of California San Diego researchers in the Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, provide the first epidemiological evidence of the health impacts of heatwaves on people experiencing homelessness, visits to emergency departments and which characteristics make them particularly at-risk.
“The same weather that makes living unsheltered possible in California also exposes people experiencing homelessness to a higher risk of a wide range of heat-induced health conditions that can result in end-organ damage and even death,” said senior author Tarik Benmarhnia, Ph.D., associate professor at the Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Scripps Oceanography.
“People that experience homelessness are considered to be among the most vulnerable to extreme weather impacts, due to their exposure to the elements and high rates of preexisting health conditions such as mental illness, as well as higher rates of smoking drug, and alcohol use.”
San Diego is home to the fifth-largest population of people experiencing homelessness in the United States, according to HUD. With two hospitals in the county, one located in the community of Hillcrest and the other in La Jolla, UC San Diego Health cares for a sizeable number of this population.
Researchers reviewed data from 242,262 emergency room visits between 2012 through 2019. De-identified electronic health records revealed that 24,688 emergency room visits were made by patients who were identified as homeless when visiting the emergency department.
Combined with daily maximum and minimum temperature pulled from the PRISM Climate Group of Oregon State University, researchers found that from May to September people experiencing homelessness visited emergency rooms 1.29 times more during the most extreme two-day heatwaves analyzed. Visits increased with longer heat events at more extreme temperatures.
- The majority of individuals (94%) were under the age of 65, of non-Hispanic ethnicity (84%), and white (60%).
- People who arrived by personal transportation—their own vehicles or taxi for example—appear to be more affected by daytime heat waves while those arriving by an emergency vehicle appear to be more affected by nighttime heat waves.
- Pre-existing psychiatric illness triples the risk of heatwave-related mortality, perhaps due to the impaired ability of these individuals to recognize symptoms of heat exposure, seek access to a cool space and rehydrate during a heatwave.
“Activating heat action plans to protect persons experiencing homelessness from heatwaves is not only justified, it is necessary. Adapting interventions to specific subgroups can effectively decrease the burden on both patients and health care systems from this increasingly prevalent exposure,” said Edward Castillo, Ph.D., co-author and professor in the Department of Emergency Medicine at UC San Diego.
Differing from existing literature on heatwaves and morbidity in the general population, the authors noted that younger adults, aged 18 to 44, experiencing homelessness had an increased vulnerability to heatwaves. This may be driven by the higher number of persons within this subgroup (23.8%) that required a psychiatric consult, as compared to 13.6% and 13.4% in the middle-aged and elderly age groups, respectively, wrote the authors. Older individuals over 65 were also found to be more vulnerable to these effects.
“Homelessness is a public health crisis on its own but add the impact of rising temperatures and we are exacerbating an already challenging health problem,” said Benmarhnia.
Average summer temperatures in California have risen by approximately 3 degrees Fahrenheit since 1896, with more than half of that increase occurring since the early 1970s, according to Scripps Institution of Oceanography data. The state is likely to experience further warming by more than 2 F more by 2040. Some of the strongest impacts of warming will be felt during short-period heat events, such as days exceeding 106.6 F.
“As the threat of increasingly frequent and intense heat waves continues to rise in the United States, particularly in California, understanding and prioritizing the needs of this rapidly growing vulnerable population will be a critical action in developing and deploying effective adaptation strategies such as heat action plans to attenuate this burden,” said first author Lara Schwarz, MPH, a student in the UC San Diego and San Diego State joint doctoral program in public health.
Co-authors include Edward M Castillo, Theodore C Chan, Jesse J Brennan, Emily S Sbiroli, Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar, Andrew Nguyen, Rachel E.S. Clemesha, and Alexander Gershunov all of UC San Diego.
Disclosures: The authors report no conflicts of interest.
